Contemporary Hero's Quest - Harry Potter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Canadas Dark Hour essays

Canada's Dark Hour articles During World War II, Canada was at war with Germany and Italy. Canada was battling to ensure the way of life that its residents had gotten familiar with. The warriors in WW II gave their lives to benefit their extraordinary country. Canada was additionally confronting a significant danger in the Pacific. The danger was the incredible country of Japan. To that point in time Japan was the most grounded military power that the world had ever observed. The Japanese government was firmly affected by military pioneers who were agreeable to an extension of Japanese force in the Pacific through military methods. Japan had been moving through such solid military powers as China, Australia and Britain (Hong Kong). Japan was a significant danger in World War Two to a great deal of nations. At that point when japan besieged Pearl Harbor in an unexpected assault against the Americans. The Canadian government needed to move rapidly to secure its outskirts. The Canadian government concluded that it was best that the Japanese be moved inland away from the coast. This was accomplished for two principle reasons, one to forestall spying and damage and besides to shield the Japanese from hostile to Asian viciousness. This choice was to benefit the nation as well as to benefit the Japanese individuals. The legislature settled on the correct choice for the current issue. The facts demonstrate that the Canadian Government noticed that no Japanese in Canada has been associated with or connected to, a demonstration of treachery or reconnaissance. Likewise in a RCMP examination, the Japanese in Canada were not viewed as a genuine danger however the evaluation was led before the nation of Japan was authoritatively in World War Two. These reports would have been obsolete as the thoughts and convictions of the Japanese could have changed once Japan was at war with the world. Individuals changed their perspectives during times of progress. As Japan formally entered W.W.II numerous interests of the individuals may have changed. The Canadian Government was confronted with the treat of this poss... <!

Job Search Tutorial for Finding your Next Job

Job Search Tutorial for Finding your Next Job A job search can make most people cringe in nervousness, as finding a job is not the easiest task to do â€" especially in this economic climate.To help make the process a little less stressful, we’ve created a job search tutorial guide to ensure you focus on the right routes and best practices during your search. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comThe guide will examine the key steps to getting started: defining your ideal jobs and sorting out your resume. We’ll then present six ways to find a job and the best practices for each route. Finally, we’ll give you four essential tips to keep in mind during the process.DEFINE THE JOBS AND ROLES YOU WANTThe first thing you need to do is to define the jobs and roles you want. If you have the attitude of “I’ll do anything”, you’ll be wasting your time and your chances of success will diminish. On the other hand, if you narrow your search by being specific about the jobs you want, you can ensure you spend less time looking for the roles and your chance of success is much higher.You always want to aim for the jobs and roles that fit your career development goals. The next job should always be a step up on the career ladder. If you’re unsure what your career goals are or what types of jobs suit you, you should do the following things.First, consider your skills and achievements. What kinds of jobs require those skills? What are the roles that can benefit from your previous experience? Keep in mind the transferable skills. For instance, if you worked as a waiter in a bustling restaurant, but you don’t want a job in the hospitality industry, you can still use the skills you learned in other areas. You’ve improved your customer service skills, your ability to work under pressure and the ability to multitask, for example. All these skills can be used in other industries and careers.Second, if you feel completely lost in the face of all these job opportunities, try doing a career assessment test. You can find online tests at CareerFitter.com and Assessment.com or you could talk to your school’s career advisor. Remember you can contact your university’s career department even after you’ve graduated. In addition, there are independent career councilors that might be able to help.After you’re clearer about your pas sion and the jobs you want, you can focus your job search for these industries and roles.[slideshare id=29544235doc=careerplanningandassessment-131228135204-phpapp02w=640h=330]PREPARE YOUR RESUME ACCORDINGLYYou also need to get your resume or CV in order before you start job hunting. There are a few essential best practices when it comes to preparing your resume for job searching.These best practices include:Customizing the resume to the job you are applying for, instead of using a generic list of your work history. This doesn’t necessarily require you to rewrite the resume for each employer, but it does mean it should fit the specific type of role or job you are applying.The above can be achieved by ensuring you highlight the relevant skills and qualities required in the job position. If the company’s job post emphasizes things such as the ability to learn fast or problem solving skills, you need to showcase through your past experience and work history that you possess these s kills.Recruiters tend to check the online profiles of the most suitable candidates. You should therefore create a resume that matches your professional profile on LinkedIn and Facebook.See and get some nice looking CV templates in the following slides.[slideshare id=46173277doc=awesomeresumetemplates-150323094821-conversion-gate01w=640h=330]There are also specific things you need to keep in mind in terms of the design of your resume. Recruiters don’t spend an awful long time looking at resumes and therefore, you need to ensure the resume makes a good first impression and has something to excite or draw the recruiter’s attention.The main things to keep in mind in terms of CV design are:Keep it short and specific.Engage the reader with an interesting headline.Ensure the resume is grammatically correct.Check out these practical resume tips in this video: EFFECTIVE WAYS TO FIND A JOBLet’s now turn our attention to the different ways you can find your next job. You can find your ne xt job by using the following six routes.All of the outlined ways can be helpful, but you can always focus most of your attention on a few of these routes if you wish. We will explain how to use each route and share some best practices as well.#1 Connect with your alumniYou should be active in nurturing relationships with your alumni. Your alumnus is likely to have plenty of people who share your interests and passions, which can help you in finding suitable roles.Furthermore, you can grow your network, as your alumni friends will have their own contacts with people who might work in your chosen industry, even if the friend doesn’t.As mentioned above, don’t forget to be in touch with your school’s career department, even if you’ve graduated a long time ago. They are generally happy to help previous students and might have tips or contacts you can use in your job search.Best practices for connecting with your alumniYou should become active in engaging your alumni, both offlin e and online. You want to attend different alumni events and focus on spreading the word about your own alumni at the events, seminars and business fairs you attend.On social media, consider using the appropriate hashtags and when discussing alumni or your industry-related topics, include your university’s alumni username to the Tweets and posts.Focus your efforts on the people in your alumni who have contacts with companies or the industries you want to get hired in. You can check social media profiles or post questions on alumni forums and platforms.Ask information about the company or the job to get a better understanding of what’s required. This can also show the person you are passionate and serious about the role, making it easier for them to vouch for you later on.Learn how to leverage your alumni network by watching this video. #2 Check with your networkWhen it comes to getting hired, referrals have been shown to be the most effective. Therefore, you want to create a str ong network of people who are working in the industry or who are connected with the right people.You’ve hopefully already built a small network of people, either through your alumni, contacts from previous roles and other professional acquaintances. Examine this network and the connections these people have and identify the most influential people.Use these connections to discuss your career development goals and the job search you’re currently conducting.Best practices for checking with your networkFocus your efforts on creating long-term relationships with your network. Offer help to people when they need it, instead of simply seeking out contacts when you need something. You can even engage with your network by simply sending them articles and other such resources that they would find interesting.Stay in touch on social media and connect with your network by commenting on their posts and updates. You want to build a relationship where they see you as trustworthy person and an expert in your field.Don’t be afraid to ask for advice or information, but don’t ask for a favour or direct introduction to a hiring manager in a specific company. Instead of sending a message saying, “I see you work in company X, would you mind passing on my details to the HR?” ask something like, “I see you work in company X, I’m really interested in their X role. Could you tell something about the business culture there? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the company in your opinion?”You should also stop relying on simply nurturing the relationships online. Organize face-to-face meetings with the contacts whenever you can, as this can help build more trust. If they are attending events near you, ask if they want to meet up for a quick coffee and so on.This is how you build a career network effectively.[slideshare id=23575024doc=the5secretsofnetworking-130627085206-phpapp02w=640h=330]#3 Use job boardsWhilst job boards might not beat using referrals to gain a p osition, they are still a powerful tool to use, both online and offline.The key to using job boards is about finding the job boards best suited for the jobs you are looking for.Analyze the different options available and pick the ones that are either focused on your industry or have the best selection of companies you are interested in.If you can go niche with job boards, then you should.Best practices for using job boardsYou’ll have more success using job boards, if you don’t simply upload your resume and walk away. It’s important to regularly update the resume to ensure it stays at the top of the list.Take advantage of the search tools on the online job listing sites. These help you customize the kind of jobs you are looking for, especially in terms of the location. Again, narrowing down your search options will guarantee recruiters understand what you are looking and can, therefore, match you with the jobs they have.Your resume should also be filled with keywords and you ca n add keywords to your online profile. Use specific and clearly defined keywords, instead of generic ones. For example, instead of saying, “jobs in tech”, opt for “IT support manager” or another similar narrow job description.Finally, don’t apply to jobs on job boards without researching the company. Even if the role seems exciting, you want to know what the company’s values are and what kind of business culture it has.#4 Contact headhuntersAs well as using job boards, you could also contact headhunters. This is especially beneficial for middle- and senior-level professionals. Headhunters have the positions for these roles and they focus on executive jobs.Best practices for contacting headhuntersJust like with job boards, you need to identify the headhunters who are specialized in the industry you are interested in or who operate with companies you’d like to work for. Make contact with the headhunter and explain the positions you are interested in and the reasons you†™re suitable for those roles.When contacting headhunters over specific roles, ask questions about the company and the role. This shows interest and professionalism.Don’t stop contact with the headhunter if you are rejected or indeed, if you get the role. Remember headhunters are another tools to use for career progression, and you might require their services later in your career.This guide explains in depth how to best utilize a headhunter for career progression.[slideshare id=30488532doc=guidetofindingandworkingwithheadhunters-140127082221-phpapp02type=dw=640h=330]#5 Attend career recruitment eventsYou should also use career recruitment events as a tool in your job search. This can be a powerful way to find out about exciting roles, but it’s also beneficial in terms of networking.Remember to take advantage of other events that aren’t necessarily the traditional career fairs, but which still provide networking opportunities. These include events such as charity events in your chosen industry, business seminars in the field and company open days.Best practices for attending career eventsBefore attending an event, conduct research into the event in terms of participants and the discussions. Identify the companies and their representatives, as well as other key professionals, you want to make contact with and do a bit of research on them.At the event, try finding these individuals and strike up a conversation with them. Don’t be pushy or mention how you want them to hire you or introduce you to someone, but talk about your interests and casually mention you’re searching for jobs in the industry.Organize a follow-up after the event if you can. For this purpose, remember to give and collect business cards and be active in terms of utilizing them. Drop a quick email to the person or connect with them on social media to continue the discussion.#6 Build a credible online reputationIn 2010, Microsoft conducted a study, which found that 80% of employers searc h for applicants online before inviting them to an interview. By today’s use of the Internet in terms of jobs, the number is likely much closer to 100%.This means your online reputation can either damage, or benefit your chances of finding a job. The key is to create a credible online reputation.For professional purposes, platforms such as LinkedIn and Facebook are the best. Ensure they use keywords relating to the jobs you want, mention the key qualifications and skills required in these jobs and have references or recommendations from people within the industry.Best practices for creating a credible online reputationKeep highly personal stuff behind locked profiles to guarantee potential employers don’t witness your drunken posts or see you doing silly things on a holiday. While we’re all simply humans, it doesn’t give a professional image.If there are damaging posts or pictures online, try to remove these. If they can’t be removed, try ensuring they aren’t immediately associated with your professional career. For example, consider using maiden name, different initials or usernames to ensure initial search doesn’t bring them up. It’s also a good idea to have an explanation at hand, in case the employer brings them up during a job interview.Nonetheless, if you want to keep your so-called private social media profiles public, consider using a simple username, which doesn’t connect your profile to your professional profiles.Use social media for highlighting your expertise as well. This means engaging in industry discussions, providing helpful tips to people asking about the sector and generally speaking out. This can help you create a professional and knowledgeable online persona. If you can, blogging is another good way of attracting potential employers. USEFUL TIPS TO KEEP IN MIND FOR YOUR JOB SEARCHFinally, a few practices and behaviors can boost your job search. When you’re starting your hunt for the next job position, keep these four ti ps in mind.Perfect your elevator pitchWhilst you might think the famous elevator pitch is not related to job search, the truth is different. An elevator pitch can help, as you are essentially selling your personal brand to a potential employer and you often don’t have more than a few seconds to gain their interest.Create your selling pitch by basing it on your personality, your skills and your achievements. Keep the sales talk short and sweet, with an emphasis on the start.Boost your personal brand further by focusing your efforts on social media activity and networking. With the ideas and practices mentioned in the previous section, you can become a person who’s known for specific talents and characteristics.Create a target list of the employersAs well as defining the kind of jobs and roles you want, you should also have a list of your ideal employers.Pick your ideal employers based on the values and aspirations you share. This helps you focus your networking efforts and it can help find a job you actually want and enjoy doing, as an enjoyable career isn’t just built around the role, but also the corporate culture around you.When it comes to applications and networking, keep the ideal companies at the forefront. Nonetheless, don’t exclude companies that aren’t on your list outright. There might be companies out there you didn’t think about or haven’t yet heard of.If an opportunity comes along with a company, conduct research and make your decision based on the findings.Don’t give upFinding the perfect job won’t be easy and it won’t always be fun. There are certainly going to be times when browsing job boards becomes frustrating and the rejections start hurting.Don’t give up. You need to stay positive, keep upbeat and trust in your abilities. The opportunities will come and the work you put into networking will bear fruit.If you are currently between jobs, take it as a transition period not unemployment. Don’t be afraid to tell people i n your network you’re in transition. You won’t find a job hiding in a closet feeling sorry for yourself.Consider joining a job search groupFinally, make the burden of job search a bit more fun by joining a job search group. You can organize a support group with people in your network who are doing the same or find groups online.Your group can be online or offline based. The key is to ensure you motivate and challenge each other.Discuss your progress regularly and create milestones, which you all want to achieve. These can be small such as sending an X amount of emails to contacts and include the ultimate goal of being hired. Use the group for accountability and advice. Who knows, the group might even turn out to be a handy networking tool!CONCLUDING REMARKSThe above should hopefully have provided you with the tools needed for conducting job search and outlined the practices that can boost your chances of finding your next job. Finding a job is not easy, but there are plenty of t ools available to make it a bit smoother.Focus on understanding what you want from your career and targeting the jobs and companies that help you find the ideal role. Use networking as a path to gaining more knowledge and getting your foot firmly on the career ladder. Approach your job search positively and always keep your eyes open!

Theory And Approach Leading Design - 825 Words

Theory or Approach Leading Design In early childhood settings, theorist play a critical role in the developing and implementing the programs’ philosophy. Our program integrates theories of development on how children learn by designing the environment and makes it meaningful to the child. Our approach to learning derives from early childhood theorist that include, Piaget, Dewey, and Erikson. These theorists allow us to develop an understanding on the importance of providing learning opportunities for children, where children can processes learning with rich experiences in their environment. Piaget Piaget’s work is evident today where children are provided with opportunities to explore, manipulate materials, and make sense of their environment (Crain, p.121). Teachers are constantly providing age appropriate experiences for children of all ages that stimulate learning and growth. As a result, children are continuously assimilating, accommodating and organizing information and at the same time, constructing knowledge based on the experiences they encounter. For example, a child might be playing in the sand table, using a brush to clean the sand on fossils. Based on observation, a teacher can notice the child is engaged in brushing the sand. A teacher can then use this as an opportune moment to ask open-ended questions to see what the child knows about fossils and the tools used by scientist, By doing so, the teacher is able to assess what the child knows, thenShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Research For Software Engineering?1241 Words   |  5 Pagessome of the bette r research strategies for research in software engineering in her paper titled, â€Å"What makes good research in software engineering?† By formalizing what is already considered as high quality research, software engineers can better design research processes, aide them in writing quality research papers and also help them read and better understand software engineering research papers. Shaw puts forth the hypothesis that research in software engineering should be characterized byRead MoreInstructional Design1072 Words   |  5 PagesInstructional Design Paper: Dick, Carey and Gagne The art of instructional design takes a unique gift. An instructional design artist must be able to artfully create a systematic structure for insuring the learning process. Through this paper, we will be exploring two educator artists’ approaches: Dick and Carey’s and Gagne’s. Dick and Carey’s Approach Many educators base their instructional design off of a theory for how the human learns. The Dick and Carey instructional design is based onRead MoreNineteen Lessons Of Environmental Sociology By Kenneth Gould And Tammy Lewis1324 Words   |  6 Pagescombination of neo-Marxist ideas are used as a base of the world-system theory to create the system for the neoliberal theories (Gould and Lewis p. 39). The world-system theory is looking into economic relationships based off of social changes that are occurring around the world and determining whether the country is benefitting or not (Gould Lewis p.39). This theory is built upon the perspective of the modernization theory; these societies are being directly affected by the lack of modernizationRead MoreOrganizational Management Approach Analysis : Organization1550 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT APPROACH ANALYSIS 1 Organization Management Approach Analysis Shweta Hallen ORG 502 – Effective Organization: Theory and Practice Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Claudia Santin December 01, 2015 ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT APPROACH ANALYSIS 2 Organizational Management Approach Analysis The following analysis examines the organizational approach to management that I work for. Since many of the approaches to management are based on historical approachesRead MoreGalaxy Toys Case Study1613 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 1 Role of the Manager and the Impact of Organizational Theories on Managers (Week 3) Patsy Colbert BMGT 364 6390 Management and Organization Theory (2178) September 10, 2017 Professor Charles Smith Introduction Galaxy Toys in Toledo Ohio, had a major shift in management problem, which cause managers to reevaluate their management approach. A general change in employee workplace values initiated management to modify the culture of increased competition. The advancesRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management1262 Words   |  6 Pagesto Sumerian temples and the building of the pyramids. However, it was not until early 1900s that the practice of management was given theoretic approaches. Five key management theories have been developed since then: scientific management, structural approach, human relations, systems approach, and contingency. Each approach was developed and influenced by the time period making a significant impact even on today’s modern management principles. Taylorism, the principles or practice of scientificRead MoreEmployee Retention Practices And Motivation Theories865 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 3 reading was related to motivation theories and explained the employee motivation affects on employee retention. Reading, examines how developing and implementing employee retention practices create a competitive advantage. This reading provides a connection between the effective employee retention practices and motivation theories as well as how these efforts serve as a strategy to increasing organizational performance. Also, making the case for financial importance in maintaining suchRead MoreProject Estimation Techniques And Methods For The Data Collection Process Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesbelow: 1.1 Research Design Lewis (2015) determined that the research methods are used as the tools for the data collection process. There are various methods of collective data with respect to the research design selected. The selected research design to be applied to a study is cross-sectional design, which means that the sample would be used once for this research only, but the purpose could be continued to further researches in future. The research approach that has been chosen for thisRead MoreThe Origins Of Humanity And Major Periods : Middle Ages, Renaissance, And Enlightenment1454 Words   |  6 Pagesselection via Charles Darwin, intelligent design, and scientific creationism. Then the human thought and social thought on these epochs will be further debated. Biblical reference has strongly impacted society. Church and State will be discussed and compared and contrasted to show the separation. Humankind was said to originate in several different ways. The two that the text focuses on, deal with the controversial topic of science and faith. The evolution theory is that of a good one and basically showsRead MoreHuman Resource Management Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto the company and then using quantitative methods to identify human capital strategies that drive those outcomes; and standards of evidence, in which criteria is used to determine the importance of various relationships which can be used to better design employee strategies. An example is the measurement of employee productivity and work quality against organizational goals. Evidence based HR forces human resource professionals to systematically gather, utilize and evaluate information based on results

Amendments Essay 8 - 2136 Words

Amendments Main article: List of amendments to the United States Constitution The Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously. The following seventeen were ratified separately. [edit] The Bill of Rights (1Ââ€"10) United States Bill of Rights currently housed in the National Archives Main article: United States Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Those amendments were adopted between 1789 and 1791, and all relate to limiting the power of the federal government. They were added in response to criticisms of the Constitution by the state ratification conventions and by prominent individuals such as Thomas†¦show more content†¦The only existing case law regarding this amendment is a lower court decision in the case of Engblom v. Carey. [4] No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. [edit] Fourth Amendment Main article: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment guards against searches, arrests, and seizures of property without a specific warrant or a probable cause to believe a crime has been committed. A general right to privacy has been inferred from this amendment and others by the Supreme Court (See Griswold v. Connecticut), including a right to abortion (Roe v. Wade). The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. [edit] Fifth Amendment Main article: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The fifth forbids trial for a major crime except after indictment by a grand jury; prohibits repeated trials for the same offense after an acquittal (except in certain very limited circumstances); forbids punishment without due process of law; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled toShow MoreRelatedA Sociological And Humanistic Perspective1714 Words   |  7 Pages The purpose of this essay is to analyze a law, whether it be legislative, administrative, case law, or constitutional, from a sociological and humanistic perspective. A sociological perspective is defined as taking into account the social forces at play surrounding the creation of the law. A humanistic approach is based on the belief that law is a human construct, in other words law is the product of human emotions, desires, thoughts, and actions. To analyze a law from a social and humanistic perspectiveRead MoreMusic Censorship1016 Words   |  5 Pagescensorship. I think half of this site is pretty g ood to use for my paper. The second website has a lot of information for my readers but the author has no definite side on the issue and can’t be used to persuade my readers. The last two websites are essays about censorship and wouldn’t be good sources of information for my readers because some of the sources might not be trustable. We must stop the censoring of art and let the artists freely express their music because everyone deserves to express himRead MoreThe Proposed Law For Strip Terrorists Of Australian Citizenship Will Have Implications For The Rule Of Law1628 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY 1 – 150 words The proposed law to strip terrorists of Australian citizenship will have implications for the rule of law in Australia. 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Delegated powers are those powers of the national government thatRead MoreHow Black Codes And Jim Crow Laws1605 Words   |  7 PagesWhat I wanted to know is how black codes differed from Jim Crow laws. To answer this question I found out the history behind them, the differences and the similarities, and in that, was able to grow as a researcher. Search Results The start of my essay writing process began with research. The results of my research taught me that black codes were the laws that gave white slaveholders total custody over the blacks when they were taken from their countries and brought to the â€Å"New World.† The laws wereRead MoreHistory Of The Constitution, The Foundation Of Our National Government1323 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 17, 1787 (The U.S. Constitution). In order for the Constitution to be passed it had to be to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. 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The ideas of classical economists Free Essays

Dry James Anagram Synopsis The purpose of this work is to examine and understand the main thoughts of prominent economists during the classical period, namely Adam Smith, Thomas Malthusian, David Richard, Jeremy Beneath and John Stuart Mill. It is also included the comparison of ideas between these masters and last but not least, the contributions of these Ideas In today’s context. At the beginning, the background of the classical period Is provided to ensure that readers have a better understanding of the economist’s ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on The ideas of classical economists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Followed by that, each economists ideas will be discussed respectively, and the comparison will be made. The contributions of Adam Smith, David Richard and Thomas Malthusian will be discussed in the last part and conclusion would be drawn. Content Page No. Page number Introduction 4 2 Background 3 The Five Prominent Economists Adam Smith Thomas Malthusian David Richard Jeremy Beneath John Stuart Mill 5 6 7 Comparison of Ideas between the Five Economists 8 Contributions of Classical School in Contemporary 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 11 Appendices 12 Classical school started during the late 18th century, when Adam Smith published his independent field of study and set forth the development of modern economics. Their ideas such as division of labor and comparative advantages are still discusses and implied in today’s world. The work of this paper is to examine the main thoughts of five leading economists of classical period, namely Adam Smith, Thomas Malthusian, David Richard, Jeremy Beneath and John Mill and to compare their thoughts and concepts. Also, the relevance of contributions of their ideas in today’s context will be discussed. Background Before classical period there was mercantilism period (1500 – 1776). During that time, manipulations and government intervention in the market is being practiced. Wealth of a nation is weighed in terms of gold and silver that a country possessed. Therefore international trade is discouraged by the implementation of tariff, in order to prevent wealth flowing to other countries. However, as scientific revolution and industrial revolution take place, it helps to nurture the ideas of classicists. (Refer appendix 1 for influence of scientific revolution) There are a few main features in classical economics thoughts. Firstly, classical economists advocate free trade in rake. Without government intervention, the economy could self-adjust to achieve full employment. Secondly, each party, I. E. He merchants, workers and consumers will each seek self-benefit as it is in the human nature. Hence, harmony of interests will be achieved when the pursuit of self-interest will eventually leads to the best interest of the society. Thirdly, classicists consider all economic resources such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship as the nation’s wealth and lastly, the classicists made a remarkable contribution to economics by explaini ng economic horses explicitly. Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) is often regarded as the father of modern political economy. In his life he had written two books, The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Moral Sentiments discussed the moral forces that restrain selfishness and bind people together in a workable society; Wealth of Nations assumed the existence of a Just society and showed how the individual is guided and limited by economic forces. (Bruce and Grant, 2007: p. 62) Adam Smith economic ideas are something of a novelty during his time. He introduced the idea of division of labor, which in today’s word means specialization. By practicing division of labor, the productivity could be increased as (1) workers’ skills are enhanced when they perform only one single task, (2) time for changing work task from one to another is saved, and (3) invention of machines could help increasing productivity once tasks have been simplified and made routine. (Bruce and Grant, 2007). Another idea being pointed out by Smith is the harmony of interest. When all parties in a economy is seeking their self-interest, the natural order of the oral will eventually channel it to become social good. The key behind this complex mechanism is the concept of competition. Thus, Smith opposed government intervention in the market for the corruption and favoritism will leads to monopoly and competition will fail. This also implies in international trade. Smith thinks that have an advantage in and trades it with other countries. Although Smith is against government involvement in the economy, he did suggest a few roles that government could play in the economy. (Refer to appendix 2) When talk about value, Smith is of he opinion that measurement of value should be labor. The value of any commodity to a person, who possesses it, if he wishes to exchange it for other commodities, is equal to the quantity of labor which it enables him to purchase or command. Labor, therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. (Bruce and Grant, 2007:p. 72) However, Smith did noticed that there are practical and theoretical difficulties in this theory. (Refer appendix 3 for further details) Thomas Malthusian (1766 – 1834) advanced the population theory in his publication An Essay on the Principle of Population. He states that population will increases at a geometric rate when unchecked while subsistence would only increases at best arithmetic rate. He suggested 2 types of checks, first is preventive checks which are those that reduce the birth rate and second, positive checks which are those that increase the death rate, to control population growth. Part of Malthusian ideas were adopted when the Poor Law Amendment of 1834 was passed. In his later work Principles of Political Economy, Malthusian came out with the theory of market gluts. He suggested that insufficient demand would occur due to inequality of distribution of income. Due to that, spending by landlords is important to prevent a glut of goods on the market which would turn into economic stagnation. (Bruce and Grant, 2007) David Richard (1772 – 1823) is a influential figure in the field of economics. He is hailed as the economists’ economist for his extraordinary contributions in economics. The man who only had 14 years of formal education addressed economic matters academically. One of his main thoughts is the theory of free trade and from here derived the law of comparative costs, also known as law of comparative advantage. He explained that a person or country should produce goods which they can produce t a lower opportunity cost as compared to their competitors. In doing so, they would be more efficient and when traded with another country that practices the same theory, would achieve mutual benefit. Taking Turbot’s concept of diminishing returns in agriculture, Richard used it to develop his theory of rent and introduced the law of diminishing returns. The law says that as the number of factor of production I. E. Labor increases, assuming sisters Paramus, the marginal product will at some point diminish. In the discussion of value, Richard said that a commodity must have use alee if it is to have exchange value. The use value of a commodity is derived from their scarcity and also the quantity of labor requires in obtaining it. Although utility is vital, it is not a measurement of exchange value. Time needed for producing the good and obtaining the raw material to produce the good is the exchange value for a commodity, according to Richard. The minimization of a person’s pleasure, advanced the principle of utility. This notion is that people pursue things that provide pleasure and avoid things that produce pain; all individuals seek to maximize their total pleasure. Bruce and Grant, 2007:p. 122) Unlike hedonism, Beneath added the ethical doctrine into utilitarianism that human action should direct to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. For that reason, Beneath was very active in social reforms. He supported free education for all, right for women, abolition of slavery and death penalty and many more. The major problem with Bantam’s utility theory was that pleasure, a kind of emotion could not be quantify or measure. He tried to measure it using the Felicia Calculus, but he himself acknowledged the flaws in his calculation. John Stuart Mill who attended home schooling had his father, James Mill as his teacher. As a result, he got influenced by Bantam’s thoughts of utilitarianism, as his father is a close friend to Jeremy Beneath. He further enhanced the utilitarianism concept, stating that enjoyment ought to be viewed in terms of not only quantity but also quality. (Anagram, 2012) His publication, Principles of Political Economy summarizes and fused all the economic knowledge up to his day. His discussed various issues from production to international trade. His most important and original contribution is the law of international values. He implied the elasticity of demand for goods in his theory and successfully showed that the real exchange price takes into account not only the domestic costs, but also the elasticity of demand for each product abroad. Comparisons of Ideas between the Five Economists After reading the main thoughts of the five economists, we can see the evolution of economic thoughts in the timeline. The masters each have their own explanation on various topics, sometimes agreeing with each other and other times which they argued. From a bigger picture, we can depict that the ideas during the early period of lassie period varies from ideas of those in the end of classical period. For example, Adam Smith proposed laissez-fairer with minimal government involvement as the invisible hand in the market would eventually move the market to its equilibrium stage. However, Jeremy Beneath, who holds the idea of the greatest happiness for the largest number of people, thinks that government should overlook the economy and social policy. In international trade issue, Adam Smith explained that export could remove surpluses in market but it could be done only when a country has absolute advantage in producing the particular goods. It was Richard then who argued that country could still benefit from trade even without absolute advantage. He introduced the theory of comparative costs, which is a situation when a country could produce certain goods with relative lower opportunity cost than the other country, and trades between them would still benefit each other. Mill supported Orchard’s view of international trade, and further elaborated it by the law of international values. Mill said that the international price of trade is determined by the elasticity of demand of the product. Mill’s theory is important as it overcome the economy. On the topic of value, Adam Smith placed his concern in value of exchange. He explained that the measurement of value should be labor and in exchanging commodities, both commodities should have equal quantity of labor to obtain it. As for Richard, he defined exchange value must have use value. The use value of a good is derived from its scarcity and also numbers of labor needed to obtain it. Richard then argued that exchange value of a good rely not only on the time used by labor to produce it, but also the time taken to obtain raw materials and capital goods which s used in the production process. In examining Thomas Malthusian ideas, the work of a very controversial man during his time, we could see that his works are favored by the wealthy landlords and on the other hand, pushed the lower classes – the poor people – into a deeper pit. In his population theory, he states that â€Å"population when unchecked increases geometrically, while subsistence increases at best arithmetically’. Therefore, to control the population growth there is preventive checks and positive checks. Richard, who is a close friend to Malthusian, argued that the theory s untrue and as a matter of fact, as years go by, the increment of food production is higher than increment of population growth. Contributions of the Classical School in Contemporary It is undeniable that the ideas of classical economists are a breakthrough in the mercantilism period and set forth the foundation of modern economic studies. Their works, being influenced by the scientific revolution, seeks experimental evidence to support and verify their ideas thus increase the credibility of their works. Below are three economists that made lasting contributions to the economic until today: 1 . Credited with the title father of modern political economy, Adam Smith indeed had made a huge impact in transformation of economy from mercantilism to free market. The most valuable idea that he leave for us would be the harmony of interest. The key behind the mechanism that brought all self-interest seeking behavior to become a social good, commonly also known as the invisible hand, is the concept of competition. It is because of competition that producers are restrained from making extra profit and hence drives down the price of goods. This theory is still recognized n today’s economy. 2. David Richard Richard made a significant contribution with his theory of comparative advantage that served as a cornerstone in today’s international trading policies. Although it was later refined by John Mill, nevertheless credits should still be given to this man. 3. Thomas Malthusian Despite being a controversial figure and his theories favor the upper class of the society, Thomas Malthusian still made some contributions to the contemporary economy. It was through his notions that the population growth issue is being concerned and later developed to be a formal study. It was his work regarding market gluts that later catches Keynes attention and expanded it. The classical school of thoughts indeed is an essential period in the history of the economical behavior of the society. How to cite The ideas of classical economists, Papers

Sigmund Freud Essay Example Essay Example

Sigmund Freud Essay Example Paper Sigmund Freud Essay Introduction After years of observation and the discovery of an alternate domain of human unconscious, the renowned psychologist Sigmund Freud decided to take a chance and appeared before medical professionals to tell them what he had discovered. He modestly revealed some facts that would continuously occur in his patients’ dreams and awaited his colleagues’ acceptance. This acceptance did not surface; rather Freud’s colleagues found extreme humor in his concepts and then labeled him as a crank. The words â€Å"dream interpreation,† a phrase coined by Freud are still met with skepticism. â€Å"They remind one of all sorts of childish, superstitious notions† and those who believe that these mental pictures have meaning are often met with an opposing view. (Freud Tridon, 1920, p. 2) Dreams and their relationship with mental functioning is a study that challenges professionals and the inability to thoroughly study these unconcious occurances has led many researche rs to deem them â€Å"random neuro activity.† (Franklin Zyphur, 2005) However, looking at the characteristics of dreams it is not surprising that some professionals take this stance. We all have different experiences when dreaming, for example, some have dreams that are filled with vivid imagry and emotional intensity, others have dreams that contain confusing events, while many experience smooth story lines. Many individuals can control their dreams while others are merely by standers. It is this variation of experiences that feeds the view opposing the psychological importance of dreaming. (Franklin Zyphur, 2005) Sigmund Freud Essay Body Paragraphs Sigmund Freud, often called father of Psychology, opened the door to the study of dreams during his career. As he delved into the research prior to his studies he found of course the medical theories that defined dreaming as merely a physical reaction without any psychological meaning as well as the various superstitious theories. After spending a lengthy amount of time studying the dreaming process he came to believe that â€Å"the popular view grounded in superstition, and not the medical one, comes nearer to the truth about dreams.† (Freud Tridon, 1920, p. 9) Freud believed that dreams were the attempt of the unconscious to forcefully impose its desires on the upper consciousness and that these mental pictures are vehicles of the human thoughts and desires. (Pillsbury, 1927, p. 448) Sigmund also believed that dreams could be interpeted and that this process could be difficult because the desire could be expressed directly or in reverse as well and mean something different than what it might seem. (Pillsbury, 1927, p. 450) Because Freud believed that the dreamer was not often aware of the dream’s meaning and that often events of the dream were confusing. Interpretation could take place if you â€Å"break up the dream into its elements† and â€Å"search out the ideas that link themselves to each format.† (Freud Tridon, 1920, p. 11) Carl Gustav Jung, another psychologist who actively persued the study of dreams, conducted his research under Sigmund Freud until their opposing views caused tension within their relationship and they parted ways. Jung believed that dreams were a â€Å"manifestation of psychic activity† and that they should â€Å"be regarded with due seriousness as an actuality that has to be fitted into the conscious attitude as a codetermining factor.† (Fordham, 2002) Jung’s theory was similar to Freud’s however the ultimate difference was that Carl saw the unconcious as spiritual. Identica l to Freud, Jung believed that dreams were not entirely cut off from our consciousness and that dreams have â€Å"their origin in the impressions, thoughts and moods of the preceding day or days.† (Jung, 2001, p. 26) Jung took his theory of the psychology of dreams to another level, however. He believed that even though dreams surfaced from a past experience that they also have a â€Å"continuity forwards.† In other words, dreams â€Å"exert a remarkable influence on the concious mental life even of persons who cannot be considered superstitious or particularly abnormal.† (Jung, 2001, p. 26) Carl believed that dreams were difficult to understand because they express themselves in symbols and imagry and he developed a method of interpretation in an attempt to understand the â€Å"dream language.† (Fordham, 2002) The first step to interpreting the psychological meaning of a dream in Jung’s theory was to establish the context, or discover the signific ance of the images presented and the relationship with the dreamer’s life. Each image must be carefully studied and associated with the dreamer as nearly as possible before the dreamer is in a position to fully understand what the dream might mean. A series of dreams offers a more satifactory interpretation than a single dream, as the important images are identified by their reptition and any mistakes can be corrected when the next dream manifests. Jung believed that every dream should be taken as â€Å"a direct expression of the dreamer’s unconscious, and only to be understood in this light.† (Fordham, 2002) Research has been conducted since Freud and Jung created their original theories that support the fact that dreams are a state of consciousness that has continued throughout the development of the human species; therefore, this process is a necessary aspect to the human congnitive development. (Franklin Zyphur, 2005) Though contemporary research exists, th e theory developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s holds true. In his book The Interpretation of Dreams Freud stated in its opening that dreams were â€Å"a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state.† (Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, 1931) Sleep is made up of â€Å"behavioral, functional, physiologic and electrophysiologic traits.† (McNamara, 2004) The human body has a biological need for sleep and the physical process of sleep takes place through stages. This need accumulates the longer we are awake and can also be determined by the amount of energy used while we are awake. The process of sleep begins with the body’s signal that sleep is required, this signal is realized when the brain releases a neurochemical substance. Once asleep the next cycle is activated, which is the control function that allows the human body to alternate between REM and NREM sl eep stages. Upon sleep, an adult will usually experience sleep onset through NREM and sleep offset through REM. The NREM predominates the first third of the night and REM predominates the last third of the night. (McNamara, 2004) Researchers have attempted to study the brain’s physiological reaction during the act of sleep through a variety of methods, many of which set out to prove that dreaming was merely the body’s reaction to specific chemical and brain activity. The EEG and the H2150 PET scan have been used to measure brain activity during the process of sleep and scientists have determined the brain’s physcial reaction as it transitions to REM sleep as well as other stages. While dreaming, the brain is controlled by the â€Å"meditating influence of the cholinergic system.† (Barbee nd, p. 2) Researchers were also able to determine that the visuo-motor systems were activated as well as the limbic system. (Barbee nd, p. 2) Even though these studies pr oved the brain’s physical reaction to the stages of sleep, it was determined that the â€Å"mind is a mysterious dimension of the self and when coupled with biochemical fulctuations and alterations it becomes an unfamiliar domain.† (Barbee nd, p. 2) Antti Revonsuo’s hypothesis about the psychology of dreaming is that â€Å"Dreaming is a state of consciousness consisting of complex sequences of subjective experience during sleep.† (Revonsuo Valli, 2000) He believes that the biological function of dreaming, when experiencing nightmares, is the human’s ability to simulate threatening events and repeatedly rehearse the threat perception and avoidance responses. In other words, we choose threatening waking events and rehearse these events again and again – even years after the original trauma was first experienced. (Revonsuo Valli, 2000) Revonsuo performed and in depth study of 52 students that produced 592 dream reports that were created and a nalyzed in two stages. Upon completion of the study he concluded that his theory of nightmares was correct. He also concluded that â€Å"dreaming as a phenomenal experience causually contributes to a complex biological process.† (Revonsuo Valli, 2000) Dream psychologists N. H. Pronko and J. W. Bowles believe that dreams are images that are â€Å"being constantly replenished from current experience.† (Pronko Bowles, 1999, p. 4) This replenishing process is unobserved in the dream state and is illustrated by the fact that dreams reproduce elements of our own experiences. Bowles and Pronko believe that in infancy we learn to define our lives through the rapid accumulation of images coupled with emotions. Through this process we develop the tendency to â€Å"create dramatic situations which express past emotional situations.† (Pronko Bowles, 1999, p. 20) Nightmares are merely the expression of someone who disregards anxiety in the waking world. If a person ignore s anxiety issues while awake, then upon sleep the â€Å"emotions we can not project meet us in dreams.† (Pronko Bowles, 1999, p. 32) Many theories surrounding dreams exist and those supporting the psychological importance of dreams are contemporary theories built upon the foundation of psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. These studies have sparked many others that focus on the physiological reaction of the brain during the dreaming state and though a physical reaction can be found within the human brain while sleep and dreaming occurs – researchers can not say for certain that dreams are merely a manifestation of some physiological experience. The study of dreams must continue as evidence exists that provides proof of the fact that dreams are a key to our mind’s unconcious state. Sigmund Freud stated in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, â€Å"If I were asked what is the theoretical value of the study of dreams, I should reply that it lies i n the additions to psychological knowledge and the beginnings of an understanding to the neuroses which we thereby obtain.† (Freud, 1931, p. 325) We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer